The attack commenced at 7:48 a.m.
Hawaiian Time.
[14] The base was attacked by 353
[15] Japanese
fighter planes,
bombers, and
torpedo planes in two waves, launched from six
aircraft carriers.
[15] All eight U.S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four sunk. All but
Arizona were later raised, and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three
cruisers, three
destroyers, an anti-aircraft training ship,
[nb 5] and one
minelayer. 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed; 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded.
[17] Important base installations such as the power station, shipyard, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of the
intelligence section) were not attacked. Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five
midget submarines lost, and 64 servicemen killed. One Japanese sailor,
Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured.
The attack came as a profound shock to the American people and led directly to the American entry into World War II in both the
Pacific and
European theaters. The following day, December 8, the United States
declared war on Japan.
[18] Domestic support for
non-interventionism, which had been fading since the German attack on France in 1940,
[19] disappeared. Clandestine support of the
United Kingdom (e.g., the
Neutrality Patrol) was replaced by active alliance. Subsequent operations by the U.S. prompted Germany and Italy to
declare war on the U.S. on December 11, which was reciprocated by the U.S. the same day.
From the 1950s, several writers alleged that parties high in the U.S. and British governments knew of the attack in advance and may have let it happen (or even encouraged it) with the aim of bringing America into war.
[20][21] However, this
advance-knowledge conspiracy theory is rejected by mainstream historians.
[22][nb 6]
There were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by Japan. However, the lack of any formal warning, particularly while negotiations were still apparently ongoing, led President
Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7, 1941, "
a date which will live in infamy". Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning, the attack on Pearl Harbor was judged by the
Tokyo Trials to be a
war crime.
[24][25]